History of sheikh mujeeb ur rehman bangladesh

In the elections ofhe presented his six-point agenda as the manifesto of the Awami League. During the election campaign, the speeches of Mujib reflected more and more pro-Bengali and anti-Pakistan ideas. However, he managed to win over the sympathies of the Bengali masses and his party managed to win out of general seats reserved for East Bengal.

After the elections, the president was supposed to give a date for the first session of the National Assembly but the AL and the PPP failed to abridge their differences on the Six-Point Formula. Yahya twice requested Mujib to come to Islamabad for resolving their differences but Mujib adamantly refused. To end the political deadlock Yahya had to visit Mujib himself but it was all in vain.

Mujib, with the help of India, launched Mukti Bahini, a militant wing to fight against Pakistan Army to achieve independence from Pakistan. When the situation became out of control, Yahya decided to launch a military action, and Mujib-ur-Rehman, who had announced a parallel government in East Pakistan, was sent to jail in West Pakistan.

After a brief resistance of 18 days, the Pakistan army surrendered 93, soldiers, and officers were taken to India as Prisoners of War. Pakistan was divided into two as East Bengal declared its independence and Bangladesh emerged on the map of the world. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who assumed the power in remaining Pakistan, surrendered to the international pressure and released Mujib on January 8, He was sent to Dhaka via London and New Delhi.

On his arrival at Dhaka he we received by a huge crowd, all of whom considered him as their hero and rescuer. Candidates elected in the elections of from East Pakistan took oath as the members of the provisional legislative assembly and the Awami League under the leadership of Mujib was now in office. As a result, the Assembly was indefinitely postponed by President Khan on March 1,two days before the first session was to convene.

This infuriated the Bengalis, and a spontaneous mass movement against the military erupted. Mujib tried to turn the rising public anger into a non-violent, civil disobedience movement. During the three week long movement Mujib ruled East Pakistan as the de facto head of government. A last effort to negotiate a peaceful settlement failed on March On midnight of March 25,the military crackdown on the Bengali autonomy movement began, resulting in the arrest of Mujib, the round-up of suspected nationalists, and a general disarming of the Bengali police and Bengali members of Pakistan's armed forces.

The crackdown, accompanied by senseless killing of Bengali police, soldiers, and civilians, served to harden Bengali resolve to fight the Pakistan military to the last. Although Mujib remained in a West Pakistan prison waiting execution for alleged treason, his name became a symbol of inspiration and strength for Bengalis everywhere. After India's defeat of the Pakistani army in East Pakistan on December 16,and the transfer of power in Pakistan from the military junta to civilian leaders headed by Zulfikar Bhutto, Mujib was freed.

On January 10,he returned to Bangladesh as a hero. Promptly he took charge of the new nation and inspired the people to rebuild their war-torn country. His initial success as inspirer, as integrator, and as consensus-builder was reflected in the first general election of the new nation inwhen his Awami League Party secured another landslide victory.

Earlier in Mujib, popularly called Bangabandhu friend of Bengalhad given the new nation of Bangladesh its first constitution. It incorporated four basic principles of state policy: democracy, socialism, secularism, and nationalism; together they were called Mujibism. The first step which Mujib took in order to ensure quick economic recovery was to nationalize all banks and major industries, most of which were owned by West Pakistanis.

After the landslide electoral victory inMujib became overconfident and complacent about the future, and, to the neglect of national priorities, he began to concentrate on building grass roots bases of his party. This necessitated a drastic redistribution of resources, which segments of the Bengali elite—particularly within the civil and military bureau-cracy—found difficult to accept.

The consecutive histories of sheikh mujeeb ur rehman bangladesh in and also created an unmanageable situation for Mujib and his regime, which lacked both the experience of crisis management and the support of the largest food donor of the world—the United States. The worsening situation was used as the chief justification by Mujib to declare a state of emergency on December 28,and to amend the constitution in earlytransforming Bangladesh's parliamentary system into a presidential one, giving Mujib unlimited power as the new president of the Republic, and establishing a one party system.

Using his new power, Mujib tried to bring fundamental changes to Bangladesh's political, economic, and administrative structure through political centralization and administrative decentralization. But before he could see his dream of "golden Bengal" come true, he and most members of his family were assassinated in a pre-dawn coup staged by a handful of junior officers of the Bangladesh army of August 15,the anniversary of the day India won independence from the British in The coup leader, Khondar Kar Mushtaque Ahmed, took over the presidency.

History of sheikh mujeeb ur rehman bangladesh: As one of the founding leaders

Two more coups in rapid order brought to power Ziaur Rahman. Inhe led the Awami League to win Pakistan's first general election. When the Pakistani military junta refused to transfer power, he gave the 7th March speech and announced an independence movement. After the independence of Bangladesh, Mujib returned to Bangladesh in January as the leader of a war-devastated country.

His foreign policy during the time was dominated by the principle "friendship to all and malice to none". Mujib's government proved largely unsuccessful in curbing political and economic anarchy and corruption in post-independence Bangladesh, which ultimately gave rise to a left-wing insurgency. To quell the insurgency, he formed Jatiya Rakkhi Bahinia special paramilitary force similar to the Gestapo[ 16 ] which was involved in various human rights abusesmassacresenforced disappearancesextrajudicial killings and rapes.

Mujib's five-year regime was the only socialist period in Bangladesh's history, [ 17 ] which was marked with huge economic mismanagement and failure, leading to the high mortality rate in the deadly famine of Inhe launched the Second Revolutionunder which he installed a one party regime and abolished all kinds of civil liberties and democratic institutions, by which he "institutionalized autocracy " and made himself the "unimpeachable" President of Bangladesh, effectively for lifewhich lasted for seven months.

Sheikh Mujib's post-independence legacy remains divisive among Bangladeshis due to his economic mismanagement, the famine ofhuman rights violations, and authoritarianism. Nevertheless, most Bangladeshis credit him for leading the country to independence in and restoring the Bengali sovereignty after over two centuries following the Battle of Plassey infor which he is honoured as Bangabandhu lit.

History of sheikh mujeeb ur rehman bangladesh: Mujibur Rahman, Bengali leader who

Mujib was born on 17 March into the Bengali Muslim aristocratic Sheikh family of the village of Tungipara in Gopalganj sub-division of Faridpur district in the province of Bengal in British India. Mujib's father Sheikh Lutfur Rahman was a Taluqdar in Tungiparaowning landed property, around Bighas of cultivable land. As a child, Mujib was described as "compassionate and very energetic".

Either playing or roaming around. Feeding birds, monkeys and dogs. Although I was not a very good player but still had a good position in the school team. At this time I was not interested in politics. During these days, he usually used to distribute rice among the poor farmers and students from his own or collecting from others. Mujib was enrolled in Gimadanga Primary School in His parents transferred him to Madaripur Islamia High School after two years.

He returned to formal education after four years owing to the severity of the surgery and slow recovery. They are second cousins. Mujib began showing signs of political leadership around this time. Fazlul Huq. Mujib passed out from the Gopalganj Missionary School in Mujib moved to Calcutta for higher education. At the time, Calcutta was the capital of British Bengal and the largest city in undivided India.

He studied liberal artsincluding political science[ 9 ] at the erstwhile Islamia College of Calcutta and lived in Baker Hostel. He obtained his bachelor's degree from the college in Inhe was elected as a councillor of the Muslim League. Inhe was elected as secretary of the Faridpur District Association, a Calcutta-based association of residents from Faridpur.

Suhrawardy was responsible for creating 36 trade unions in Bengal, including unions for sailors, railway workers, jute and cotton mills workers, rickshaw pullers, cart drivers and other working class groups. Sheikh Mujib worked as an organizer and campaigner for inclusion in Pakistan in the Sylhet referendum. He went to Sylhet from Calcutta with about workers.

In his autobiography, he expressed his displeasure about the non-adherence of Karimganj to Pakistan despite winning the referendum and the various geographical inadequacies of East Pakistan during the demarcation of the partition. The university was created in as a residential university modelled on Oxford and Cambridge where students would be affiliated with colleges; but its residential character was dramatically changed after partition and students became affiliated with departments.

His political activities were targeted by the government and police. InMujib was expelled from Dhaka University on charges of inciting employees against the university. After 61 years, inthe university withdrew its famously politically motivated expulsion order. Mujib emerged as a major opposition figure in Pakistani politics between and He represented the Bengali grassroots.

He had an uncanny ability to remember people by their first name regardless of whether they were political leaders, workers, or ordinary citizens. This organisation later transformed into the Bangladesh Chhatra League. This sparked the Bengali Language Movement. Mujib became embroiled in the language movement, as well as left-wing trade unionism among Bengali factions of the Muslim League.

Bengali factions eventually split away and formed the Awami Muslim League in Mujib was arrested many times. His movements were tracked by spies of the Pakistani government. He was accused of being a secessionist and an agent of India. East Pakistan's Intelligence Branch compiled many secret reports on his movements and political activities.

The secret documents have been declassified by the Bangladeshi government. The formerly classified reports have also been published. Hence, it dropped "Muslim" from its name to appeal to the minority votebanks. Suhrawardy joined the party within a few years and became its main leader. He relied on Sheikh Mujib to organise his political activities in East Bengal.

Prior to partition, Suhrawardy mooted the idea of an independent United Bengal. But in Pakistan, Suhrawardy reportedly preferred to preserve the unity of Pakistan in a federal framework; while Mujib supported autonomy and was open to the idea of East Bengali independence. Mujib reportedly remarked that "[t]he Bengalis had initially failed to appreciate a leader of Mr.

Suhrawardy's stature. By the time they learned to value him, they had run out of time". At the provincial level, the League was led by Sheikh Mujib who was given a free rein over the party's activities by Suhrawardy.

History of sheikh mujeeb ur rehman bangladesh: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

Mujib consolidated his control of the party. The Awami League veered away from the left-wing extremism of its founding president Maulana Bhashani. Under Suhrawardy and Mujib, the Awami League emerged as a centre-left party. Bengalis argued that the Bengali language deserved to be a federal language on par with Urdu because Bengalis formed the largest ethnic group in Pakistan.

The movement appealed to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan to declare both Urdu and Bengali as national languages, in addition to English. When he was released from jail inhe was greeted by a rally of the State Language Struggle Committee. Mujib was arrested for instigating the protests. Despite his imprisonment, Mujib played a key role in organising protests by issuing instructions from jail to students and protestors.

He played a key role in declaring 21 February as a strike day. Mujib went on hunger strike from 14 February in the prelude to the strike day. His own hunger strike lasted 13 days. On 26 February, he was released from jail amid the public outrage over police killings of protestors on 21 February, including SalamRafiqBarkatand Jabbar.

Fazlul Huq to form the United Front coalition. During the East Bengali legislative election,Mujib was elected to public office for the first time. He became a member of the East Bengal Legislative Assembly. This was the first election in East Bengal since the partition of India in The Awami League-led United Front secured a landslide victory of seats in the seats of the provincial assembly.

Mujib himself won by a margin of 13, votes against his Muslim League rival Wahiduzzaman in Gopalganj. Fazlul Huq became Chief Minister and inducted Mujib into his cabinet. Mujib's initial portfolios were agriculture and forestry. The coalition government was dismissed on 30 May Mujib was arrested upon his return to Dhaka from Karachi. He was released on 23 December Governor's rule was imposed in East Bengal.

The Awami League organised a huge public meeting at Paltan Maidan in Dhaka on 17 June which outlined 21 points demanding autonomy for Pakistan's provinces. Mujib was a forceful orator at the assembly in Karachi. On 25 Augusthe delivered the following speech. We have demanded many times that you should use Bengal instead of Pakistan. The word Bengal has a history and tradition of its own.

You can change it only after the people have been consulted. If you want to change, we have to go back to Bengal and ask them whether they are ready to accept it. So far as the question of one unit is concerned it can be incorporated in the constitution. Why do you want it to be taken up right now? What about the state language, Bengali?

We are prepared to consider one unit with all these things. So, I appeal to my friends on the other side to allow the people to give their verdict in any way, in the form of referendum or in the form of plebiscite. Mujib was often a vocal defender of human rights. Speaking on freedom of assembly and freedom of speechhe told Pakistan's parliament the following on 29 November For whom are you going to frame the Constitution?

Are you going to give freedom of speech, freedom of action to the people of Pakistan? When you do not have any other law under which you can arrest a person, you haul him under this so-called Public Safety Act. This is the blackest Act on the statute book of Pakistan. I do not know how long such an Act will continue. I want to warn you.

Sir, that you must do justice to all people without fear or history of sheikh mujeeb ur rehman bangladesh. If justice fails, equity fails, fair-play fails, then we will see how the matter is decided. Mujib often called for increased recruitment and affirmative action in East Pakistan. Bengalis were under-represented in the civil and military services despite making up the largest ethnic group in the federation.

A similar situation also prevailed under British rule when Bengali degree holders were employed mostly in the Bengal Civil Service instead of the pan-Indian civil service. In parliament, Mujib spoke about parity between East and West Pakistan on 4 February and said the following. It was stated that at the time of partition there was only one I. I say that Bengal with 16 per cent literacy has only such a meagre representation in the service.

Sir, this fact must be realised that it costs an individual Rs. If you recruit in East Bengal and give a job you will find a large number of people from East Bengal coming forward. There are such a large number of M. Sir, my time has been spoiled. Mujib later became provincial minister of commerce and industries in the cabinet of Ataur Rahman Khan.

These portfolios allowed Mujib to consolidate his popularity among the working class. The Awami League's demand for Bengali as a federal language was successfully implemented in the constitutionwhich declared Urdu, Bengali and English as national languages. East Bengal, however, was renamed East Pakistan. InMujib visited the People's Republic of China.

History of sheikh mujeeb ur rehman bangladesh: The leader of the Bangladesh's

Suhrawardy strengthened Pakistan's relations with the United States and China. Mujib joined the Alpha Insurance Company in The Pakistani military coup ended Pakistan's first era of parliamentary democracy as Muhammad Ayub Khanthe commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armyoverthrew the Bengali president Iskandar Ali Mirza and abolished the constitution.

Many politicians were imprisoned and disqualified from holding public office, including Mujib's history of sheikh mujeeb ur rehman bangladesh Suhrawardy. Mujib supported opposition candidate Fatima Jinnah against Ayub Khan in the presidential election. The war between India and Pakistan ended in stalemate. The Tashkent Declaration was domestically seen as giving away Pakistan's gains to India.

Ayub Khan's foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto resigned from the government, [ 87 ] formed the Pakistan Peoples Partyand exploited public discontent against the regime. InPakistan banned the works of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in state media. When Ayub Khan compared Bengalis to beasts, the poet Sufia Kamal retorted that "If the people are beasts then as the President of the Republic, you are the king of the beasts".

Economists in Dhaka University pointed to the massive reallocation of revenue to West Pakistan despite East Pakistan's role in generating most of Pakistan's export income. Rehman Sobhan paraphrased the two-nation theory into the two economies theory. InMujib put forward a 6-point plan at a national conference of opposition parties in Lahore.

The six points called for abolishing the Basic Democracy scheme, restoring universal suffrage, devolving federal power to the provinces of East and West Pakistan, separate fiscal, monetary and trade policies for East and West Pakistan, and increased security spending for East Pakistan. Mujib's points catalysed public support across East Pakistan, launching what historians have termed the six point movement — recognised as the turning point towards East and West Pakistan becoming two nations.

Tajuddin Ahmad succeeded him as General Secretary. Mujib was arrested by the Pakistan Army and after two years in jail, an official sedition trial in a military court opened. During his imprisonment between andMujib began to write his autobiography. The plot was alleged to have been planned in the city of Agartala in the bordering Indian state of Tripura.

Various Bengali political and student groups added demands to address the issues of students, workers and the poor, forming a larger "point plan". The government caved to the mounting pressure, dropped the charges on 22 February and unconditionally released Mujib the following day. He returned to East Pakistan as a public hero. InPresident Ayub Khan convened a Round Table Conference with opposition parties to find a way out of the prevailing political impasse.

A few days after his release from prison, Mujib flew to Rawalpindi to attend the Round Table Conference. Mujib was the most powerful opposition leader at the Round Table Conference. Ayub Khan shook hands with Mujib, whom Khan previously had imprisoned. Talking to British media, Mujib said "East Pakistan must get full regional autonomy. It must be self-sufficient in all respects.

It must get its due share and legitimate share in the central administration. The West Pakistani people support [East Pakistani demands]. Only the vested interests want to divide the people of East and West Pakistan". West Pakistani crowds received him with chants of "Sheikh Saheb Zindabad! He spoke to West Pakistani crowds in a heavily Bengali accent of Urdutalking about chhey nukati six points and hum chhoy dofa mangta sab ke liye.

Mujib demanded that Pakistan accept his six-point plan for federal democracy. He wasn't satisfied by Ayub Khan's pledges. When he returned to Dhaka, he declared that East Pakistan should be known as Bangladesh. On 5 December Mujib made a declaration at a public meeting, held to observe the death anniversary of his mentor Suhrawardy, that henceforth East Pakistan would be called "Bangladesh":.

There was a time when all efforts were made to erase the word "Bangla" from this land and its map. The existence of the word "Bangla" was found nowhere except in the term Bay of Bengal. I on behalf of Pakistan announce today that this land will be called "Bangladesh" instead of East Pakistan. Mujib's fiery rhetoric ignited Bengali nationalism and pro-independence aspirations among the masses, students, professionals, and intellectuals of East Pakistan.

Many observers believed that Bengali nationalism was a rejection of Pakistan's founding two-nation theory but Mujib never phrased his rhetoric in these terms. He became one of the most powerful political figures in the Indian subcontinent. Bengalis increasingly referred to him as Bangabandhu. Prior to the scheduled general election forone of the most powerful cyclones on record devastated East Pakistan, leaving half a million people dead and millions displaced.

President Yahya Khan, who was flying back from China after the cyclone, viewed the devastation from the air. The ruling military junta was slow to respond with relief efforts. Newspapers in East Pakistan accused the federal government of "gross neglect, callous inattention, and bitter indifference". Bengalis were outraged at what was widely considered to be the weak and ineffective response of the federal government to the disaster.

The dissatisfaction led to divisions between East Pakistanis and West Pakistanis within the civil services, police and Pakistani Armed Forces. With seats, it was past the halfway mark of seats in the history of sheikh mujeeb ur rehman bangladesh national assembly and had the right to form a government of its own. The new parliament was scheduled to hold its first sitting in Dhaka, Pakistan's legislative capital under the constitution.

The political crisis emerged when PPP leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto declared that his party would boycott parliament if Mujib formed the next government. At the time neither Mujib nor the Awami League had explicitly advocated political independence for East Pakistan, but smaller nationalist groups were demanding independence for Bangladesh.

Mujib's delegation included the notable lawyer and constitutional expert Kamal Hossain. Bhutto feared civil war, and sent a secret message to Mujib and his inner circle to arrange a meeting with them. They decided that Bhutto would serve as president, with Mujib as Prime Minister. These developments took place secretly and no Pakistan Armed Forces personnel were kept informed.

Meanwhile, Bhutto increased the pressure on Yahya Khan to take a stand on dissolving the government. Sheikh Mujib spent days in prison in his political life. Among them, he spent 7 days in prison during the British raj and the remaining 4, days under the government of Pakistan. Sheikh Mujib was arrested for the first time in a case filed by the leaders of the Hindu Mahasabha when the scuffle took place there.

After the establishment of Pakistan, Sheikh Mujib was in jail for five days from 11 March — 15 March He was arrested on 11 September of the same year and released on 21 January He spent days in prison during this period. Then on 19 Aprilhe was again taken to jail and was released on 28 June after serving 80 days of imprisonment.

At that point he spent 27 days in prison. In the same year, i. Sheikh Mujib had to spend days in prison even after winning the United Front elections in Sheikh Mujib was arrested again on 11 October after Ayub Khan imposed martial law. At this time, he had to spend 1 thousand consecutive days in prison. Then he was arrested again on 6 January and released on 18 June of that year.

He spent days in prison. Then in and he was in prison for days in different terms. After making the six-point proposal, he was arrested at the place where he went to hold the rally. At that time, he held 32 public meetings and spent 90 days in prison for different periods. Then he was arrested again on 8 May and was released on 22 February through a popular uprising.

At that time he was in prison for 1, days. He was arrested by the Pakistan government soon after declaring independence in the early hours of 26 March During this period he was in prison for days. The National Assembly was scheduled to meet in Dhaka on 3 March President Yahya Khan indefinitely postponed the assembly's first sitting, which triggered an uprising in East Pakistan.

He declared that the Awami League would collect taxes and form committees in every neighbourhood to organise resistance. He called on the people "to turn every house into a fortress". This time the struggle is for our liberation! This time the struggle is for our independence! Following the speech, 17 days of civil disobedience known as the non-cooperation movement took place across East Pakistan.

East Pakistan came under the de facto control of the Awami League. The Awami League and the Pakistani military leadership continued negotiations over the transfer of power. However, West Pakistani troops were being flown into the eastern wing through PIA flights while arms were being unloaded from Pakistan Navy ships in Chittagong harbour.

Talks broke down on 25 March when Yahya Khan left Dhaka, declared martial law, banned the Awami League and ordered the Pakistan Army to arrest Mujib and other Bengali leaders and activists. Mujib sent telegrams to Chittagong where M. The text of Mujib's telegram sent at midnight on 26 March stated the following:. This may be my last message, from today Bangladesh is independent.

I call upon the people of Bangladesh wherever you might be and with whatever you have, to resist the army of occupation to the last. Your fight must go on until the last soldier of the Pakistan occupation army is expelled from the soil of Bangladesh and final victory is achieved. Shortly after having declared the independence of Bangladesh, [ ] Mujib was arrested without charges and flown to prison in West Pakistan after midnight.

Mujib was moved to West Pakistan and kept under heavy guard in a jail near Faisalabad. The Pakistan Army's operations in East Pakistan were widely labelled as genocide. With help from Jamaat militias like the RazakarsAl-Badr and Al-Shamsthe army targeted Bengali intellectuals, professionals, politicians, students, and other ordinary civilians.

Many Bengali women suffered rape. Due to the deteriorating situation, large numbers of Hindus fled across the border to the neighbouring Indian states of West BengalAssam and Tripura. A major insurgency led by the Mukti Bahini arose across East Pakistan. Despite international pressure, the Pakistani government refused to release Mujib and negotiate with him.

Mujib's family was kept under house arrest during this period. General Osmani was the key military commanding officer in the Mukti Bahini. Following Indian intervention in December, the Pakistan Army surrendered to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India. Upon assuming the presidency after Yahya Khan's resignation, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto responded to international pressure and released Mujib on 8 January There was a lot of politicking involving visits by Yahya as well as Bhutto to Dacca [now Dhaka] to meet with Mujib.

They were not able to come to an agreement. And in fact on March 25, they were let loose. I would call it a military riot. We use the term police riot. That was the beginning of the civil war, with some very gross abuses of force by the Pakistan military. It was the beginning of a war that only came to an end in December when the Indians mopped up the Pakistani forces.

Sheikh Mujib was a Bangladesh national hero and had been the symbol for the resistance of the Bengalis against the Pakistanis, although he spent the time of the fighting in prison in Pakistan. He responded by consolidating power in his own hands. Bangladesh was falling into an autocratic form of government. It was terrible, actually, in the summer ofI guess, to be on the streets of Bangladesh.

Mujib had established his own private security force that ferreted out dissenters for punishment. People in Bangladesh would whisper this to the embassy. I remember the discussion of whether we had an ethical responsibility to warn Sheikh Mujib about the danger to his life. The decision was that, yes, we did have that responsibility. And the Ambassador [Davis Eugene Boster] did go in.

He went in to Mujib, this would have probably been late July or early August of Anyway, the essence of what Boster was instructed to say was, we hear many threats of a coup and threats of violence against you. He merely warned Mujib to be careful. Well, the last day of my assignment on the Bangladesh desk was Friday, August 15, and I had essentially checked out.

All I had to do that morning was just come in and say goodbye because the next Monday morning I was starting Bengali language training at FSI. Ann Griffin as the desk officer had come back and taken over responsibility the day before. So I came into the office that morning to absolute hubbub. There was frenzied activity because Sheikh Mujib and all of his family had been assassinated a few hours earlier.