Varinder ghuman biography of martin luther king

Thank God Almighty, we are free at last! Although there was much elation after the March on Washington, less than a month later, the movement was shocked by another act of senseless violence. Augustine, Florida became the site of the next varinder ghuman biography of martin luther king confrontation of the civil rights movement. Beginning inRobert B.

After a few court victories, SCLC left when a biracial committee was formed; however, local residents continued to suffer violence. Hoover and many other observers of the southern struggle saw King as controlling events, but he was actually a moderating force within an increasingly diverse black militancy of the mids. Although he was not personally involved in Freedom Summerhe was called upon to attempt to persuade the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party delegates to accept a compromise at the Democratic Party National Convention.

Augustine, which secured popular support for the passage of national civil rights legislation, particularly the Civil Rights Act of The Alabama protests reached a turning point on 7 Marchwhen state police attacked a group of demonstrators at the start of a march from Selma to the state capitol in Montgomery. Unprepared for the violent confrontation, King alienated some activists when he decided to postpone the continuation of the Selma to Montgomery March until he had received court approval, but the march, which finally secured federal court approval, attracted several thousand civil rights sympathizers, black and white, from all regions of the nation.

On 25 March, King addressed the arriving marchers from the steps of the capitol in Montgomery. The march and the subsequent killing of a white participant, Viola Liuzzo, as well as the earlier murder of James Reeb dramatized the denial of black voting rights and spurred passage during the following summer of the Voting Rights Act of After the march in Alabama, King was unable to garner similar support for his effort to confront the problems of northern urban blacks.

As King shifted the focus of his activities to the North, however, he discovered that the tactics used in the South were not as effective elsewhere. King was stoned by angry whites in the Chicago suburb of Cicero when he led a march against racial discrimination in housing. Black radicals increasingly turned away from the Gandhian precepts of King toward the black nationalism of Malcolm Xwhose posthumously published autobiography and speeches reached large audiences after his assassination in February Unable to influence the black insurgencies that occurred in many urban areas, King refused to abandon his firmly rooted beliefs about racial integration and nonviolence.

He was nevertheless unpersuaded by black nationalist calls for racial uplift and institutional development in black communities. Kennedy : "I felt that Kennedy would make the best president. I never came out with an endorsement. My father did, but I never made one. InKing urged his supporters "and all people of goodwill" to vote against Republican Senator Barry Goldwater for president, saying that his election "would be a tragedy, and certainly suicidal almost, for the nation and the world.

Kennedy would make for a good president, but also believed that he wouldn't beat Johnson in the Democratic Party presidential primaries. He also expressed support for the possible presidential candidacies of Republicans Nelson RockefellerGeorge Romney and Charles Percy. King rejected both laissez-faire capitalism and communism ; King had read Marx while at Morehouse but rejected communism because of its " materialistic interpretation of history " that denied religion, its " ethical relativism ", and its " political totalitarianism ".

He stated that one focused too much on the individual while the other focused too much on the collective. In a letter to Coretta Scott, he said: "I imagine you already know that I am much more socialistic in my economic theory than capitalistic King was critical of American culture saying "when machines and computers, profit motives and property rights are considered more important than people, the giant triplets of racism, materialism and militarism are incapable of being conquered" and that America must undergo a "radical revolution of values".

King stated that black Americans, as well as other disadvantaged Americans, should be compensated for historical wrongs. In an interview conducted for Playboy inhe said that granting black Americans only equality could not realistically close the economic gap between them and whites. He posited that "the money spent would be more than amply justified by the benefits that would accrue to the nation through a spectacular decline in school dropouts, family breakups, crime rates, illegitimacy, swollen relief rolls, rioting and other social evils.

He stated, "It should benefit the disadvantaged of all races. Actress Nichelle Nichols planned to leave the science-fiction television series Star Trek in after its first season. King explained that her character signified a future of greater racial cooperation. Keep doing what you're doing, you are our inspiration. Star Trek was one of the only shows that [King] and his wife Coretta would allow their little children to watch.

And I thanked him and I told him I was leaving the show. All the smile came off his face. And he said, 'Don't you understand for the first time we're seen as we should be seen. You don't have a black role. You have an equal role. The series' creator, Gene Roddenberrywas deeply moved upon learning of King's support. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover personally ordered surveillance of King, with the intent to undermine his power as a civil rights leader.

Kennedy to proceed with wiretapping of King's phone lines, purportedly due to his association with Stanley Levison. The Bureau placed wiretaps on the home and office phone lines of both Levison and King, and bugged King's rooms in hotels as he traveled across the country. King was also the subject of extensive surveillance by local police agencies throughout the United States, including years before the FBI initiated wiretaps on the SCLC leader.

The Memphis Police Department also spied on King in the spring ofas the civil rights leader was taking part in a campaign to support striking sanitation workers in the Tennessee city. A fire station was located across from the Lorraine Motel, next to the varinder ghuman biography of martin luther king house in which James Earl Ray was staying.

Police officers were stationed in the fire station to keep King under surveillance. Marrell McCollough, an undercover police officer, was the first person to administer first aid to King. In a secret operation code-named " Minaret ", the National Security Agency monitored the communications of leading Americans, including King, who were critical of the U.

For years, Hoover had been suspicious of potential influence of communists in social movements such as labor unions and civil rights. Due to the relationship between King and Stanley Levison, the FBI feared Levison was working as an "agent of influence" over King, in spite of its own reports in that Levison had left the Party and was no longer associated in business dealings with them.

Despite the extensive surveillance, by the FBI had acknowledged that it had not obtained any evidence that King himself or the SCLC were actually involved with any communist organizations. For his part, King adamantly denied having any connections to communism. In a Playboy interview, he stated that "there are as many Communists in this freedom movement as there are Eskimos in Florida.

The attempts to prove that King was a communist was related to the feeling of many segregationists that blacks in the South were content with the status quo but had been stirred up by "communists" and "outside agitators". CIA files declassified in revealed that the agency was investigating possible links between King and Communism after a Washington Post article dated November 4,claimed he was invited to the Soviet Union and that Ralph Abernathy, as spokesman for King, refused to comment on the source of the invitation.

The FBI attempted to discredit King through revelations regarding his private life. FBI surveillance of King, some of it since made public, attempted to demonstrate that he had numerous extramarital affairs. The American public, the church organizations that have been helping—Protestants, Catholics and Jews will know you for what you are—an evil beast.

So will others who have backed you. You are done. King, there is only one thing left for you to do. You know what it is. You have just 34 days in which to do this exact number has been selected for a specific reason, it has definite practical significant [ sic ]. There is but one way out for you. You better take it before your filthy fraudulent self is bared to the nation.

The letter was accompanied by a tape recording—excerpted from FBI wiretaps—of several of King's extramarital liaisons. King to resign from the SCLC. In Mayan FBI file emerged on which a handwritten note alleged that King "looked on, laughed and offered advice" as one of his friends raped a woman. Historians of the period who have examined this notional evidence have dismissed it as highly unreliable.

The professor of American studies at the University of NottinghamPeter Ling, pointed out that Garrow was excessively credulous, if not naive, in accepting the accuracy of FBI reports during a period when the FBI was undertaking a massive operation to attempt to discredit King. Theoharis commented "Most scholars I know would penalize graduate students for doing this.

King records at Stanford University states that he came to the opposite conclusion of Garrow:. None of this is new. Garrow is talking about a recently added summary of a transcript of a recording from the Willard Hotel that others, including Mrs. King, have said they did not hear Martin's voice on it.

Varinder ghuman biography of martin luther king: Indian actor Varinder Singh

The added summary was four layers removed from the actual recording. This supposedly new information comes from an anonymous source in a single paragraph in an FBI report. You have to ask how could anyone conclude King looked at a rape from an audio recording in a room where he was not present. The tapes that could confirm or refute the allegation are scheduled to be declassified in In his autobiography And the Walls Came Tumbling DownRalph Abernathy stated that King had a "weakness for women", although they "all understood and believed in the biblical prohibition against sex outside of marriage.

It was just that he had a particularly difficult time with that temptation. According to Garrow, "that relationship Garrow asserted that King's supposed promiscuity caused him "painful and at times overwhelming guilt". King was awarded at least fifty honorary degrees from colleges and universities. You have it all or you are not free. There are three urgent and indeed great problems that we face not only in the United States of America but all over the world today.

That is the problem of racism, the problem of poverty and the problem of war. The citation read:. He gazed upon the great wall of segregation and saw that the power of love could bring it down. From the pain and exhaustion of his fight to fulfill the promises of our founding fathers for our humblest citizens, he wrung his eloquent statement of his dream for America.

He made our nation stronger because he made it better. His dream sustains us yet. King and his wife were also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in Among the planned designs are images from King's "I Have a Dream" speech. Memorial Library in Washington, D. King has received several honorary doctorates. Contents move to sidebar hide. Augustine, Florida, Article Talk.

Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item. American civil rights leader — The Reverend. Coretta Scott.

Varinder ghuman biography of martin luther king: Indian actor and bodybuilder

Martin Luther King Sr. Alberta Williams King. Christine King Farris varinder ghuman biography of martin luther king A. King brother Alveda King niece. Civil rights peace anti-war. This article is part of a series about. See also: Martin Luther King Jr. Activism and organizational leadership. Montgomery bus boycott, Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

Survived knife attack, Atlanta sit-ins, prison sentence, and the elections. Albany Movement, Main article: Albany Movement. Birmingham campaign, Main article: Birmingham campaign. March on Washington, Main article: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. I Have a Dream. Problems playing this file? See media help. Main article: St. Augustine movement.

Biddeford, Maine, New York City, Scripto strike in Atlanta, Main article: — Scripto strike. Selma voting rights movement and "Bloody Sunday", Main article: Selma to Montgomery marches. Chicago open housing movement, Main article: Chicago Freedom Movement. Opposition to the Vietnam War. It reveals systemic rather than superficial flaws and suggests that radical reconstruction of society itself is the real issue to be faced —Martin Luther King Jr.

Poor People's Campaign, Main article: Poor People's Campaign. Assassination and aftermath. I've Been to the Mountaintop. Further information: King assassination riots. Allegations of conspiracy. Main article: Martin Luther King Jr. See also: Black Consciousness Movement. See also: Northern Ireland civil rights movement. Ideas, influences, and political stances.

Criticism within the movement. Activism and involvement with Native Americans. See also: Reparations for slavery debate in the United States. State surveillance and coercion. FBI surveillance and wiretapping. NSA monitoring of King's communications. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN X. The New York Times. Voice of America. Archived from the original on August 2, Board of Education.

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January 15, The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 31, Retrieved January 20, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on January 20, Retrieved February 3, Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Abdo Pub Co. Stanford University. June 12, Archived from the original on April 27, Retrieved September 17, Archived from the original on July 13, Research and Education Institute.

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Archived from the original on December 30, Archived from the original on July 24, Retrieved October 19, The University of Chicago. Archived from the original on March 9, Retrieved June 6, Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties. Mercer University Press. Stanford University Archives and Records Center. Archived from the original on August 14, Retrieved July 21, Archived from the original on June 12, April 4, Archived from the original on October 6, Retrieved September 11, Fortress Publishing.

Retrieved July 5, The New Yorker. May 15, January 28, Archived from the original on January 21, Retrieved January 21, October 11, The Boston Globe. Oxford University Press. Greenwood Publishing. Boston University Library. Archived from the original on July 6, Retrieved July 6, Archived from the original on July 27, Retrieved March 14, Panel Finds Plagiarism by Dr.

Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 8, Retrieved November 13, Archived from the original PDF on November 7, Retrieved November 7, Ethnic and Racial Studies. ISSN The Daily Telegraph. February 1, Archived from the original on November 13, Retrieved September 8, Martin Luther King, Jr. InterVarsity Press. University of Georgia Press.

Retrieved June 17, Encyclopedia of Alabama. Archived from the original on January 23, Retrieved January 23, March 11, Archived from the original on September 18, Retrieved June 8, The Montgomery Bus Boycott. Gareth Stevens. Ethical Leadership Through Transforming Justice. University Press of America. Held on August 28 and attended by sometoparticipants, the event is widely regarded as a watershed moment in the history of the American civil rights movement and a factor in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of Captured on television, the brutal scene outraged many Americans and inspired supporters from across the country to gather in Alabama and take part in the Selma to Montgomery march led by King and supported by President Lyndon B.

Johnsonwho sent in federal troops to keep the peace. As more militant Black leaders such as Stokely Carmichael rose to prominence, King broadened the scope of his activism to address issues such as the Vietnam War and poverty among Americans of all races. On the evening of April 4,Martin Luther King was assassinated. In the wake of his death, a wave of riots swept major cities across the country, while President Johnson declared a national day of mourning.

James Earl Rayan escaped convict and known racist, pleaded guilty to the murder and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. He later recanted his confession and gained some unlikely advocates, including members of the King family, before his death in After years of campaigning by activists, members of Congress and Coretta Scott King, among others, in President Ronald Reagan signed a bill creating a U.

Here are some of the most famous Martin Luther King Jr. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. At the time, King felt that the best way to serve that purpose was as a lawyer or a doctor. Although his family was deeply involved in the church and worship, King questioned religion in general and felt uncomfortable with overly emotional displays of religious worship.

But in his junior year at Morehouse, King took a Bible class, renewed his faith, and began to envision a career in the ministry. In the fall of his senior year, he told his father of his decision, and he was ordained at Ebenezer Baptist Church in February Later that year, King earned a sociology degree from Morehouse College and began attended the liberal Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania.

He thrived in all his studies, was elected student body president, and was valedictorian of his class in He also earned a fellowship for graduate study. He became romantically involved with a white woman and went through a difficult time before he could break off the relationship. Mays was an outspoken advocate for racial equality and encouraged King to view Christianity as a potential force for social change.

After being accepted at several colleges for his doctoral study, King enrolled at Boston University. He completed his doctorate and earned his degree in at age A committee of scholars appointed by Boston University determined that King was guilty of plagiarism inthough it also recommended against the revocation of his degree. As explained in his autobiographyKing previously felt that the peaceful teachings of Jesus applied mainly to individual relationships, not large-scale confrontations.

It was in this Gandhian emphasis on love and nonviolence that I discovered the method for social reform that I had been seeking. Led by his religious convictions and philosophy of nonviolence, King became one of the most prominent figures of the Civil Rights Movement. He was a founding member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and played key roles in several major demonstrations that transformed society.

The effort began on December 1,when year-old Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus to go home after work. As more passengers boarded, several white men were left standing, so the bus driver demanded that Parks and several other African Americans give up their seats. Three other Black passengers reluctantly gave up their places, but Parks remained seated.

The driver asked her again to give up her seat, and again, she refused.

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Parks was arrested and booked for violating the Montgomery City Code. On the night Parks was arrested, E. King was elected to lead the boycott because he was young, well-trained, and had solid family connections and professional standing. He was also new to the community and had few enemies, so organizers felt he would have strong credibility with the Black community.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott began December 5,and for more than a year, the local Black community walked to work, coordinated ride sharing, and faced harassment, violence, and intimidation. In addition to the boycott, members of the Black community took legal action against the city ordinance that outlined the segregated transit system. They argued it was unconstitutional based on the U.

Board of Education After the legal defeats and large financial losses, the city of Montgomery lifted the law that mandated segregated public transportation. The boycott ended on December 20, Flush with victory, African American civil rights leaders recognized the need for a national organization to help coordinate their efforts.

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In JanuaryKing, Ralph Abernathyand 60 ministers and civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to harness the moral authority and organizing power of Black churches. The SCLC helped conduct nonviolent protests to promote civil rights reform. The SCLC felt the best place to start to give African Americans a voice was to enfranchise them in the voting process.

King met with religious and civil rights leaders and lectured all over the country on race-related issues. ByKing was gaining national exposure. He returned to Atlanta to become co-pastor with his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church but also continued his civil rights efforts. His next activist campaign was the student-led Greensboro Sit-In movement.

The movement quickly gained traction in several other cities. King encouraged students to continue to use nonviolent methods during their protests. By Augustthe sit-ins had successfully ended segregation at lunch counters in 27 southern cities. On October 19,King and 75 students entered a local department store and requested lunch-counter service but were denied.

When they refused to leave the counter area, King and 36 others were arrested. Soon after, King was imprisoned for violating his probation on a traffic conviction. The news of his imprisonment entered the presidential campaign when candidate John F. Kennedy expressed his concern over the harsh treatment Martin received for the traffic ticket, and political pressure was quickly set in motion.