Rudolf otto biography engineering

The heat is supplied to the engine when a spark plug burns the compressed fuel-air mixture without changing its volume. Due to the supply of heat, the temperature of the compressed fuel-air mixture increases from T 2 to T 3which is calculated as:. During the exhaust stroke, the heat expelled from the system is calculated as:. After finding the values of Q L heat rejection from the system and Q H heat supplied to the system or engineput them into the equation of thermal efficiency.

The final equation of the thermal efficiency is:. As shown in the above diagram, the processes 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 are isentropic.

Rudolf otto biography engineering: This book provides an

So, after implementing the Isentropic condition on processes 1 to 2 and 3 to 4, the above equation will be:. The efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle in terms of compression ratio is written as:. The air standard and the thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle depend on compression. The high compression ratio required to remove a significant volume of mechanical energy from a given fuel mixture is a very positive finding.

A higher compression ratio decreases fuel consumption at the same temperature, allowing longer cycles of expansion. There will be more electric power and a lower exhaust gas temperature. Reducing track temperature decreases ambient energy pollution. In this Otto cycle, a power cycle completes after two revolutions of the crankshaft or four piston strokes.

JSTOR S2CID Cited by: Katz, Steven T. In Cohn-Sherbok, Dan ed. A Traditional Quest. Essays in Honour of Louis Jacobs. London: Continuum International. Phenomenology of Religion. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Idea of the Holy. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 31 December Oxford Research Encyclopedias. Retrieved 18 February Re-figuring Theology.

The Rhetoric of Karl Barth. The Problem of Pain. New York City: HarperCollins. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. The Reconstruction of Faith. The Doors of Perception and Heaven and Hell. Harper Collins. The Sacred and the Profane. The Nature of Religion. Translated from the French by Willard R. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis.

Retrieved 9 November — via Encyclopedia. Concept and Problems. Edmund Jephcott. Stanford University Press. Critical Sociology. Time and Eternity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Rudolf otto biography engineering: Rudolph Otto Marohl, American

Retrieved 20 June Further reading [ edit ]. External links [ edit ]. Rudolf Otto at Wikipedia's sister projects. Media from Commons Data from Wikidata. Philosophy of religion. Eschatological verification Language game Logical positivism Apophatic theology Verificationism. Augustinian theodicy Best of all possible worlds Euthyphro dilemma Inconsistent triad Irenaean theodicy Natural evil Theodicy.

The modern petrol gasoline engines operate on the Otto constant volume cycle. This cycle was introduced by a German scientist Otto inalthough it was described by a French scientist Beande Roches in The Otto cycle is an ideal thermodynamic cycle that consists of four-piston strokes: intake, compression, ignition, and exhaust. It is widely used to describe the spark ignition engines seen in automobiles.

Thus, in this type of engine, four strokes of the piston are required to complete the cycle, and the four-stroke makes two revolutions of the crankshaft. The processes are repeated over and over again in running the engine. In this engine, the inlet valve opens during the suction stroke and the exhaust valve opens during the exhaust stroke.

The exact movement at which each of the valves opens and closes about the position of the piston and crank can be shown graphically in a diagram. This diagram is known as a valve timing diagram.

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Theoretically, the inlet valve opens exactly at the beginning of the suction stroke and closes at the end of the stroke. Both the valves remain closed during compression and power strokes. The exhaust valve opens exactly at the beginning of the exhaust stroke and closes at the end of the stroke. The opening and closing of the valve regarding the position of the piston and crankshaft during the four strokes are described as follows:.

In actual practice, the above cycle is slightly modified. The exact moments of opening and closing the valves about the piston and crankshaft are shown in the figure. This diagram is known as the actual valve timing diagram. The reason for opening the inlet valve before the start of the suction stroke is that the valve is made to open and close very slowly, and this timing of opening the valve is permitted to open sufficiently during the suction stroke.

The valves are arranged to open and close slowly to provide silent operation under high-speed conditions. The column of charge in the inlet pipes requires to be accelerated before the suction stroke starts, so that sufficient charge may enter the cylinder during the suction stroke. As the piston moves downward during the suction stroke, the pressure decreases inside the cylinder which causes the gases to rush in and fill up space above the piston.

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The pistons reach at the end of the stroke before a complete charge has time to enter through the small inlet valve opening. Before this time, steam engines were the predominant source of power for industrial machinery and transport applications. They were, however, inefficient, bulky, and needed significant amounts of time to heat up before they could be used.

Otto aimed to solve these issues with his invention. Otto's creation, known as the four-stroke engine or Otto cycle engineintroduced a more efficient way to generate power. It uses four distinct steps or 'strokes' to produce power from an intake of fuel, generally petrol or diesel. During the compression stroke, the piston pushes upward, compressing the fuel-air mix, thereby increasing pressure and temperature while decreasing volume.

The combustion stroke follows, where the spark plug ignites the fuel, releasing energy that pushes the piston downwards and increases the volume. Lastly, the exhaust valve opens in the exhaust stroke to expel spent fuel-air mixture, returning the engine to the initial state, ready for the next cycle. But beyond these well-known accomplishments, there are other intriguing facts and significant events surrounding his life and career that add to the richness of his inspiring journey.

While Otto is renowned for his invention of the four-stroke combustion engine, few realise that Otto's initial endeavours leaned towards improving the efficiency and functionality of existing gas engines. His determination to improve the efficiency of the gas engines culminated in a more effective model inwhich became known as the 'silent' gas engine.

This 'silent' gas engine was instrumental in establishing the credibility of Otto's designing prowess and led to the formation of "N. Another interesting fact lies in the development process of the 'Otto Cycle'. It took a decade of persistence and experimentation before Otto could finally produce a working model of the four-stroke engine.

The engine's first successful run in didn't involve petrol like modern engines, but a mixture of coal gas and air. Otto's engine provided an efficient and practical way to convert chemical energy into mechanical power, which ultimately changed the face of technology and transport. Facts Descriptions Nikolaus Otto started improving gas engines Before inventing the four-stroke engine, Otto focused on enhancing the efficiency of existing gas engines.